A very good article from the center-left Huffington Post about the Arab Spring of Oman in 2011. See “How the Arab Spring Skirted Oman
According to Huffington Post the Arab Spring in Oman was probably a warning send to Oman from the United Arab Emirates , in order for Oman to be careful about its friendship with Iran Iran and Oman have agreed to construct the Iran-Oman-India natural gas pipeline, in order for India to obtain access to cheap natural gas while avoiding her rival Pakistan
Map Iran-Oman-India Pipeline
The cooperation between Oman and Iran brings Iran on the Arabian Peninsula, which is Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates are already at war with the Iranians in Yemen
The agreement between Iran and Oman also hurts Qatar , because Qatar exports huge quantities of natural gas (LNG) to India Qatar and Iran are discussing the possibility of jointly exploiting the South Pars/North Fields gas field, which lies between the two countries in the Persian Gulf, and which is the largest gas field in the world, in order to jointly export gas to Turkey , India Qatar than for Iran , because Iran
The South Pars/North Fields is the main reason the relations between Qatar and Iran are better than the relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran Qatar ’s main ally is Turkey , and Turkey hopes that Qatar and Iran will stop killing each other and will cooperate, in order to send gas from the South Pars / North Fields to Turkey and Europe . For that to happen of course Turkey and Iran must first stop killing each other in Syria
Qatar, Turkey and Iran found themselves on the same side during some incidents of the Arab Spring (Tunisia, Libya, Egypt), even though they are killing each other in Syria, with Iran supporting Bashar al Assad, and Qatar and Turkey asking for his removal.
In Libya things were very complicated, and I discuss Libya
Things were very complicated in the Libyan Arab Spring. Qaddafi, the Libyan socialist dictator, was a traditional enemy of the Arabs of the Persian Gulf , and even though an Arab he was a traditional Iranian ally i.e. like the Syrians. However in the last decade there were many problems in the Libyan-Iranian relations. The problems between Qaddafi and Iran made it very hard to understand whether it was Iran or Saudi Arabia
At the following video you can see a confrontation between Qaddafi and the previous Saudi King, King Abdullah, during an Arab League meeting. See “Qaddafi VS King Abdullah”.
Qaddafi accuses the Saudis for inviting the Americans to defend themselves when Iraq (Saddam Hussein) invaded Kuwait Saudi Arabia
Qaddafi had supported quite a few assassination attempts against the Saudi Kings, and the Saudis have done the same against Qaddafi.
On the other hand Qaddafi was a traditional Iranian ally. Since the rise of the Iranian Islamists to power in 1979, and the overthrow of the pro-American Iranian monarch, Qaddafi and the Iranian Islamists were jointly fighting the Saudis. The Saudis produced large quantities of oil, keeping oil prices low. Moreover the Saudi oilfields are easy fields, and oil can be produced at very low costs in Saudi Arabia Libya Iran see “Libya and Syria
On the other hand in the last decade there were many great problems in the Libyan-Iranian relations, and probably these problems became more important from the common hatred for the Saudi King.
This essay is mainly about the problems between Iran and Libya , and Iran Libya Iran
One of the problems between Qaddafi and Iran was that in 2007 Qaddafi and Sarkozy agreed that France would construct in Libya France to Build Nuclear Reactor in Libya
As you know the French are strong allies of the Arabs of the Persian Gulf , and the French have very problematic relations with the Turks and the Iranians. I guess that after the agreement between Qaddafi and Sarkozy, Qaddafi must have promised that he would stop attacking the French in North Africa , and probably cooperate with the French against Islamists. The problem is that some of the Islamists attacking the French in North Africa have very good relations with Iran , Sudan and Turkey
Remember that the French need the uranium of Niger , Mali and Chad North Africa too, and Qaddafi also wanted it, at least until the agreement with the French in 2007 was made. I guess things changed when Qaddafi made the agreement with the French in 2007, because the Frech would use a part of the African uranium for the production of nuclear energy in Libya
Moreover, Qaddafi had very problematic relations with the strongest ally of Iran in Africa i.e. Sudan Sudan Sudan is located in South Sudan, while the Arab population is mainly located in North Sudan . See for example BBC “Darfur rebel leader Khalil Ibrahim flees Libya
Map Libya and Sudan
The separatists of Sudan managed to gain their independence in 2011, and Sudan was separated to Sudan and South Sudan, with the Arab population controlling the northern part, while the oil of the country came under the control of the non-Arab population of South Sudan . That was a great problem for China too, because China is the dominant player in the oil industry of Sudan and South Sudan .
The Arabs of Sudan lost their main source of revenue, and this probably played a role in their alliance with Saudi Arabia Port Sudan in the Red Sea, there was a lot of tension between them and Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia exports oil from the red see too, through the East-West oil pipeline that ends at Yanbu Port. Saudi Arabia
Map Oil Pipelines of Red Sea
Therefore we could say that Qaddafi played a role in Iran losing its main ally in Africa i.e. Sudan Sudan
The Saudi East-West pipeline makes the Saudi exports to Europe and Africa cheaper, due to lower transportation costs, and it also gives Saudi Arabia an alternative when exporting oil to Asia . That’s very important in case Iran closes for Saudi Arabia the Straits of Hormuz, as Iran
Map
Things will become much worse for Saudi Arabia if Iran takes control of Yemen , because Iran will be able to also threaten Saudi Arabia at the Straits of Bab el Mandeb at the Gulf of Aden . For the time being the Saudis can feel secure at the Suez Canal, because they are allies with Egypt
Another problem between Qaddafi and Iran was that Qaddafi was in very bad terms with the Lebanese Shiite Hezbollah, which is mainly funded by Iran Sudan , and together with Sudan Lebanon
The special forces of Sudan , Hezbollah and Qatar were among the first ones who set foot in Libya
Another problem could have been that when Qaddafi abandoned his nuclear program in 2003, he gave his equipment to United States and England , essentially betraying Pakistan
Contrary to Iran , Pakistan does not have oil and gas, and it wants the oil and gas of Iran , and I do not thing that Pakistan would hesitate to sell nuclear technology to Iran Pakistan would have to assure its traditional ally Saudi Arabia that it will sell her nuclear weapons if the Iranians ever threaten Saudi Arabia North Korea , which is a Chinese ally and does not have diplomatic relations with the United States Argentina Iran Taking Over Latin America ”.
Another problem between Qaddafi and Iran was that after the Al Qaeda attack at the Twin Towers
I have said many times that Al Qaeda is a Saudi terrorist organization, but because she against the Saudi King and the Americans, in many cases Al Qaeda has been supported by Iran, Sadam Hussein, Sudan, and other enemies of United States and the Saudi King.
After the improvement in the US-Iranian relations the willingness of Iran United States has improved its relations with India and has hurt its relations with Pakistan , a strong Chinese ally, and Pakistan Pakistan can support terrorist attacks against the United States Pakistan
All the above were great problems between Qaddafi and I was wrong to believe that the Iranians hailed Qaddafi’s death only to be nice to the new Libyan status-quo. Iran played a great role in Qaddafi’s overthrow, even if it did so through its allies i.e. Sudan Iran had about the overturn of Qaddafi was to prevent actors supported by France and Saudi Arabia to take control of the post Qaddafi Libya , due to the dominant presence of the French air force, and the support France
In the same way the Iranians and the Turks feared French influence in post-Qaddafi Libya , the French were fearing a post-Qaddafi Libya Libya Libya they could create a hell for France in North Africa .
Nicola Sarkozy had already lost in Tunisia and Egypt , where he supported the socialist dictators who were allies of France and Saudi Arabia i.e. Ben Ali (Tunisia ) and Mubarak (Egypt Saudi Arabia to save their lives from the Islamists supported by Turkey , Iran , Sudan , Qatar
The Islamists and the Communists had launched a propaganda war against Sarkozy, and he had to officially apologize for France ’s stance in Tunisia France made mistakes over Tunisia
In the past I thought that the reason the French supported the rebels was because they wanted to gain influence in Libya Italy is the European country with the closest economic relations with Libya , and the same is true for France in Algeria , and there is definitely some kind of competition between the South European countries in North Africa . But the main reason Sarkozy decide to help the rebels in Libya was his previous defeats in Tunisia and Egypt , where he supported the socialist dictators who were traditional allies of France
Unfortunately the Islamist and Communist propaganda is everywhere, and it is so heavily funded in Europe and the United States United States
But I also have to say that Nicola Sarkozy made a great mistake by not supporting Qaddafi against the Islamists. He should have supported him, and then try to defend himself against the propaganda war that would be launched against him by the Islamists in the Muslim World, and by the Communists in Europe and the United States
Now the Communists and the Islamists are happy that Qaddafi is gone, but they pretend to be sad for his death, while it was the people who pay them that killed him. But they say that the greedy Europe and the greedy United States United States , asking Europe and United States United States
After Qaddafi was toppled a war for power broke out in Libya , with the Islamists supported by Turkey , Qatar and Iran , and the socialists supported by Egypt , Saudi Arabia , United Arab Emirates
I must also say that in Egypt Egypt , he never broke the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt
Mubarak was succeeded by Morsi from the Muslim Brotherhood. Morsi was funded by Turkey , Iran and Qatar , and when he was elected he received the Turkish President Tayip Erdogan in Egypt Egypt after the Islamists rose to power, and this was the first time an Iranian President visited Egypt Iran President Ahmadinejad begins historic Egypt
Morsi stayed in power for 1 year, and he was toppled by the Egyptian socialists who were supported by Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, and that deepened the crisis in the Turkish-Saudi relations, which was partly overcome after the death of King Abdullah, and the efforts of the new King i.e. King Salman.
The argument for the Egyptian Islamosocialists of the Muslim Brotherhood was that they rose to power by wining the elections. And that is true. The Egyptian Islamists won the election by promising everything to everyone, funding their propaganda with Turkish, Iranian and Qatari money. But as soon as Morsi became President he started granting himself with the powers of a king. See for example the Telegraph “Mohammed Morsi grants himself sweeping new powers in wake of Gaza
From all the above we can also understand why the Saudis were reluctant to help the Libyan Islamists against Qaddafi, even though they hated Qaddafi so much. The Saudis were afraid that they would not be able to compete on the ground with Turkey , Iran , Sudan and Qatar Libya Sudan had very good relations with Turkey Turkey
Qaddafi was trying to distance Erdogan from the Sudanese, and he even awarded Erdogan the prize for human rights. See for example Ynetnews “Turkey
If the Saudis were sure they could win on the ground in Libya Iran , Turkey , Qatar , Sudan
As you can read at the following International Business Times, written at the time of the Libyan Arab Spring, there was a paradox in Libya Iran seemed to support the rebels of Libya more than Saudi Arabia , even though Qaddafi had been an ally of Iran and a bitter enemy of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia or Iran
I hope the present essay sheds some light on why Iran
“How the Arab Spring Skirted Oman
3rd, 4th Paragraphs
Some analysts, however, quickly attributed the unrest in Sohar to the neighboring United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi sought to send an unmistakable message to Muscat about its “friendly” relations with Tehran
Since assuming power, the Sultan has played a delicate balancing game between his strategic alliance with Iran while aligning himself with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), which comprises Bahrain , Oman , Kuwait , Qatar , Saudi Arabia Oman is the only GCC country to carry out joint military exercises with Iran
7th Paragraph
The historical mistrust between Qaboos and the UAE in particular stems from when the GCC failed to support the Sultan in his uprising against his father. While the Shah of Iran and King Hussain of Jordan were the only regional leaders to support the young British-educated prince in his quest for the throne, Qaboos apparently never forgot - and since formed a strategic alliance with Tehran Iran , the Sultan formed strong military ties with the United States and with Britain
“Are Libyan rebels backed by Saudi Arabia or Iran
The National Transitional Council in Libya
While the Arab league officially supports the Nato-led operation in Libya , only Qatar and Kuwait have formally recognized the council, a move followed by only two African countries, which are Senegal and The Gambia Middle East it seems that the Libyan conflict has put more than one country in an awkward position.
Its no understantement to say that there never was any love lost between Gaddafi and King Abdullah of Saudi. For years the two have been locked in an incessant circle of accusations and public spats.
Indeed, over the years, Libya has been accused of subversion by several Arab countries, including Egypt , Sudan , Tunisia , Morocco , Jordan , and Saudi Arabia Mecca in Saudi Arabia Libya supported the mostly Christian rebels in southern Sudan , against the central government in Khartoum Libya was considered to be so unfriendly and untrustworthy, as Gaddafi was known to change alliances rather quickly, that when the United States
Also, in 2003, Saudi Arabia
The Libyans were caught delivering more than $1 million in cash at a hotel in Mecca Mecca
At the time, Saudi, U.S. and British officials maintained they had traced the origins of the plot to a public exchange of insults between Abdullah and Col. Moammar Gaddafi, Libya's long time ruler, at an Arab League summit in March 2003.
During the summit, held shortly before the start of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq , Gaddafi accused the Saudi prince of "making a pact with the devil" by supporting U.S.
Of course the Libyan authorities denied any involvement in the plot, but the relationship between the two leaders did not ease as in 2009 Gaddafi famously told King Abdullah: "You are propelled by fibs towards the grave and you were made by Britain and protected by the US
When the uprising started in Libya Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia
The Saudi regime has gone quiet and has stood clear of the rebels. Four weeks ago it even prevented the new Libyan leaders from reaching Qatar
Unfortunately it seems that the U.S.
As much as siding with the rebels to get to Gaddafi might sound attractive, Saudi it seems has for now decided to follow the lead of most Arab countries, that is not breaking with their tradition of doing absolutely nothing when controversial conflicts arise.
Keeping in with their anti-Western outlook, Iranian officials still insist that the U.N.-endorsed military intervention on humanitarian grounds is hypocritical and part of a secret Western agenda. Tehran has made no secret of the fact that it opposes any military intervention in the Middle East, even if in Iran's interest, and had also opposed the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, despite the fact Saddam Hussein was Iran
President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad confirmed Iran 's anti-intervention attitude and said: "The intervention of some European countries and America
"The double standard action of the Western countries in Bahrain and Libya
However its seems that the person who illustrates the best Iran's dichotomist position is the Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who explained, "Iran utterly condemns the behaviour of the Libyan government against its people, the killings and pressure on people, and the bombing of its cities... but it (also) condemns the military action in Libya."
Additionally to their similar awkward reaction to the Libyan conflict, it is important to point out that the two countries are also both oil exporters. Could they see the Libyan Transitional Council as a potential business competitor, and is the Council already warning them that a new player is in the game by attempting to seek diplomatic ties with Israel, who currently have to look very far afield for their oil, a move that is set to particularly upset Iran?
“Iran Backs Libyan Rebels, Chastises West Over Oil , Bahrain
Iranian officials charged that the U.N.-endorsed military intervention on humanitarian grounds is hypocritical and part of a secret Western agenda. Tehran opposes any military intervention in the Middle East, even if in Iran’s interest, because of the precedent it sets. Iran also opposed the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, despite the fact Saddam Hussein was Iran
In his Nowrouz (New Year) speech last month, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei charged that the United States Iran
U.S. policy on Bahrain, where the ruling al Khalifa family has forcefully crushed the predominantly Shiite protest movement, has fueled Iran Libya , the United States U.S. Fifth Fleet is based in Bahrain
Bahrain is a country of greater strategic importance to Iran than Libya, and the plight of its largely Shiite population has been a sensitive issue inside Iran
The one constant tension between Iran and Libya has been the mysterious disappearance of Lebanese Shiite leader Musa al Sadr, who was born in Iran Libya , which created tensions in relations between Tehran and Tripoli
In March 2011, Sadr’s family speculated that the religious leader might still be alive and imprisoned in Libya , a claim that played a central role in Tehran
Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
"The United States and its western (allies) claim they want to defend the people by carrying out military operations or by entering Libya
"Iran utterly condemns the behavior of the Libyan government against its people, the killings and pressure on people, and the bombing of its cities... but it (also) condemns the military action in Libya
President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
"The intervention of some European countries and America
"The double standard action of the Western countries in Bahrain and Libya
Ramin Mehmanparast, foreign ministry spokesman
"These countries enter usually with seductive slogans of supporting the people but they follow their own interests in ruling the countries and continuing colonialism in a new form."
Quoted in the Iranian Students News Agency (ISNA), March 20, 2011
Ali Larijani, speaker of parliament
“The West, and specifically the United States, has deceived people in the past with democracy and human rights slogans, but now it is evident that what is of importance to them is oil and the interests of corporations.”
“The United Nations issues a resolution in support of the people of Libya and engages in widespread attacks against the Libyan regime, while in Bahrain United States and the West want to support the opposition, then why are Gaddafi's bases targeted by aircraft and missiles under the pretext of supporting revolutionary people while the revolutionaries are being repressed in Bahrain
Editorial in Sobh-e Sadeq (newspaper linked to the Revolutionary Guards)
“The best choice for solving the Libyan crisis is the continuation and perseverance of the peoples movement, and pressure on the Qaddafi regime without military expeditions to this country. This way the Libyan people can determine their destiny without foreign intervention.”
April 3, 2011
Editorial in the semi-official Mehr News Agency
“The recent upheavals have shown that the dictators of the Arab world do not want to learn from the past. All of them—from the Al-Khalifa’s in Bahrain , Ali Abdullah Saleh in Yemen , and Muammar Gaddafi in Libya
"Iran
http://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2011/apr/05/iran-backs-libyan-rebels-chastises-west-over-oil-bahrain
“Why Does Turkey
The International Criminal Court (ICC) has issued a warrant for the arrest of Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir. The ICC accused al-Bashir of being directly responsible for the attacks by pro-government militia in Sudan 's Darfur province.
In case the Security Council decides to debate the al-Bashir case, Turkey Turkey would want to support the view of the Arab League and African Union , which are calling on the Security Council to suspend the warrant (see EDM, February 24). Moreover, Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, the Turkish secretary general of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, stated at a press conference in Cairo that the ICC's arrest warrant showed a double standard and asked why the ICC had not investigated the Israeli incursion into Gaza (Zaman, March 6).
Turkish Foreign Minister Ali Babacan said, "We will see what consequences the warrant will have, but to be honest, we have concerns. ...We believe the problems [in Sudan Ankara
On the other hand, Islamists disagree with the ICC's decision, which has opened up a new discussion in the Muslim world about how "hypocritical" the western institutions are. The basic premisef is that the ICC has not done anything about the crimes committed in Iraq and Gaza , for example, but has targeted Sudan
Yet, neither the liberal intellectuals nor the Islamists have asked why the AKP government, the Turkish Foreign Ministry, and perhaps also the military would want to support al-Bashir. Perhaps the AKP elites' knowledge about Sudan is limited to the ideology of Hassan Al-Turabi, whose ideas were once widely circulated among Islamist groups in Turkey
It seems that Turkey does not want al-Bashir to leave his post, because Ankara hopes to keep Sudan Turkey 's dispute with Cyprus Darfur to control the territory (Aksiyon, January 1, 2008).
Knowing that Ankara 's main foreign policy objective in the region is to support the integrity of existing countries, one could expect Ankara Ankara may hope to benefit from Sudan Ankara 's wholehearted support of al-Bashir would seem to indicate that Turkey considers Sudan to be an important country in its Africa strategy in the near future.
“Turkey
The Muammar Gaddafi Prize for Human Rights will be given to Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan during his visit to Libya
The prize, founded by the Libyan leader, was awarded in the past to former South African President Nelson Mandela, Cuban leader Fidel Castro and Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez. (AFP)
“Zimbabwe and Algeria sending troops to support Gaddafi in Libya
“Libya , Chad and Sudan
“Hizbullah’s part in Gaddafi’s downfall”, October 2011
“Hezbollah slams crimes committed by Gaddafi regime”, February 2011
“Sarkozy Meets Gadhafi: France to Build Nuclear Reactor in Libya
1st Paragraph
Now that the Bulgarian nurses have been released, the rush to do business with Libya
“Muammar Gaddafi accuses Saudi Arabia
1η , 2η Παράγραφος
The Libyan leader turned on the king, saying: "It has been six years you have been avoiding a confrontation with me. You are propelled by fibs towards the grave and you were made by Britain and protected by the US
He appeared to be referring to a summit in 2003 when he accused King Abdullah of "bringing the Americans to occupy Iraq
“Darfur rebel leader Khalil Ibrahim flees Libya
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Paragraphs
The leader of Darfur's main Justice and Equality Movement (Jem) rebel group, Khalil Ibrahim, has returned from exile in Libya
Mr Ibrahim fled Libya after Col
Mr Ibrahim said he had evaded attempts by Sudanese intelligence to capture him in Libya, reports say.
“Iran
http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/iran-welcomes-death-of-muammar-gaddafi/story-e6freuyi-1226173385639
“Iran President Ahmadinejad begins historic Egypt
“The Cooperation Between George Bush and Qaddafi”
“Libya & Syria : The 2 Arab Allies of Iran
“Gaddafi's Mercenaries in Libya
“Hizbullah’s part in Gaddafi’s downfall”, October 2011
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th Paragraph
Libyans celebrated their liberation with mass demonstrations in Benghazi yesterday, the 28th anniversary of another landmark event in Middle East history. On Sunday, 23 October 1983, at 6.22 a.m., a suicide bomber rammed a truck into the US Marine Corps barracks at Beirut Airport Beirut
The operatives who celebrated the attack on US and French forces that led to their departure from Lebanon Tripoli Lebanon Tripoli to Rome , but there was no record of his arrival in Italy Lebanon ’s Shia community and Libya Lebanon
There have been countless rumours about Sadr’s fate. None has been confirmed. Last year, his son Sadreddine told the National News Agency in Beirut Libya
Hizbullah’s opposition to Gaddafi set it at odds with its backers in Damascus, whose Baathist regime fostered friendly relations with the Libyan leader. It also put Hizbullah, for the past few months, in alliance with Nato. A Hizbullah decision made Lebanon
Hizbullah maintained its opposition to Gaddafi while the US, France and Britain welcomed him into the community of nations, bought his oil and supplied his armoury. The one consistent thread to western policy in Libya Europe , is among the most desirable in OPEC. Gaddafi was a 28-year-old captain (his co-conspirators later promoted him to colonel) in Libya
Our present strategy is to seek to establish satisfactory relations with the new regime. The return to our balance of payments and the security of US investments in oil are considered our primary interests. We seek to retain our military facilities, but not at the expense of threatening our economic return.
The US US rendered suspects to Libya
“The Black Market for Nuclear Weapons”
“Why Washington is Reluctant To Arm Libya
1st Paragraph
NATO Supreme Allied Commander in Europe U.S. Adm. James Stavridis answered questions on the Libyan intervention before the U.S. U.S. Washington is on the verge of sending weapons to Benghazi
6th Paragraph
For the United States Libya Libya , while certainly a high priority, is not on par with other recent crises that have spurred Washington United States was not an early proponent of the no-fly zone, and only came around after repeated insistences by the France and the United Kingdom (who have motivations of their own) gave it an opportunity to put the Obama doctrine of multilateralism and limited U.S.
“Chad ’s relations with Libya , Sudan , France and the US
1st Paragraph
President Idriss Déby seized power in Chad in December 1990 following a military coup for which he received extensive support from Libya , Sudan and France Chad have been significantly influenced by two events: the launching of the “war on terror” in 2001 and US oil imports from Chad Chad
“US support for Chad may destabilize the Sahel ”, March 2015
“Sarkozy admits France made mistakes over Tunisia
“Are Libyan rebels backed by Saudi Arabia or Iran
1st , 2nd Paragraphs
The National Transitional Council in Libya
While the Arab league officially supports the Nato-led operation in Libya , only Qatar and Kuwait have formally recognized the council, a move followed by only two African countries, which are Senegal and The Gambia Middle East it seems that the Libyan conflict has put more than one country in an awkward position.
4th, 5th, 6th Paragraph
Indeed, over the years, Libya has been accused of subversion by several Arab countries, including Egypt , Sudan , Tunisia , Morocco , Jordan , and Saudi Arabia Mecca in Saudi Arabia Libya supported the mostly Christian rebels in southern Sudan , against the central government in Khartoum Libya was considered to be so unfriendly and untrustworthy, as Gaddafi was known to change alliances rather quickly, that when the United States
Also, in 2003, Saudi Arabia
The Libyans were caught delivering more than $1 million in cash at a hotel in Mecca Mecca
8th Paragraph
During the summit, held shortly before the start of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq , Gaddafi accused the Saudi prince of "making a pact with the devil" by supporting U.S.
10th, 11th Paragraph
When the uprising started in Libya Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia
The Saudi regime has gone quiet and has stood clear of the rebels. Four weeks ago it even prevented the new Libyan leaders from reaching Qatar
13th, 14th, 15th Paragraphs
As much as siding with the rebels to get to Gaddafi might sound attractive, Saudi it seems has for now decided to follow the lead of most Arab countries, that is not breaking with their tradition of doing absolutely nothing when controversial conflicts arise.
Keeping in with their anti-Western outlook, Iranian officials still insist that the U.N.-endorsed military intervention on humanitarian grounds is hypocritical and part of a secret Western agenda. Tehran has made no secret of the fact that it opposes any military intervention in the Middle East, even if in Iran's interest, and had also opposed the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, despite the fact Saddam Hussein was Iran
18th Paragraph
However its seems that the person who illustrates the best Iran's dichotomist position is the Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who explained, "Iran utterly condemns the behaviour of the Libyan government against its people, the killings and pressure on people, and the bombing of its cities... but it (also) condemns the military action in Libya."
“Libya
1st Paragraph
The Arab League has readmitted Libya to the regional bloc, turning over the country's seat to the National Transitional Council (NTC) and effectively recognising the rebel body as the legitimate authority in Libya
7th Paragraph
The 22-member organisation suspended Libya
“France 's Military Is All Over Africa ”, January 2015
17th, 18th Paragraph
However, French troops never fully left Chad Chad
As part of a global mission to tackle militancy across Africa, France Chad
“Sudanese President Bashir's visit to Turkey
4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th Paragraphs
The statement came hours after Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan defended al-Bashir’s visit by saying, “A Muslim can never commit genocide.”
“Those world leaders who criticize us, have they ever visited Darfur ? Their information is solely based on what the rapporteurs are reporting. These kinds of moves will not contribute to world peace,” Erdoğan said Sunday in an address to party members.
“It’s not possible for a Muslim to commit genocide,” he said. “That’s why we are comfortable [with the visit of al-Bashir].”
The International Criminal Court, or ICC, has issued an arrest warrant for al-Bashir, citing his alleged role in the atrocities perpetrated in the Darfur region of Sudan
The European Union asked Turkey on Friday to align its policy on the al-Bashir issue with that of Brussels Turkey to arrest al-Bashir if he arrives in Istanbul
“Erdogan's blind faith in Muslims”, November 2009
1st, 2nd Paragraphs
Despite glaring evidence to the contrary, the Turkish prime minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, believes "it is not possible for those who belong to the Muslim faith to carry out genocide". Accordingly, he refuses to accept that Sudanese paramilitaries committed genocidal acts against the population of Darfur, or that Sudan's president, Omar al-Bashir, is guilty of the crimes for which he has been indicted by the International Criminal Court.
Furthermore, says Erdogan, Israeli "war crimes" in Gaza are worse than anything that has taken place in Sudan, a comment guaranteed to further strain the already fragile relationship between Jerusalem and Ankara – and rightly so, on Israel's part. Whatever one's take on Israel's actions during Operation Cast Lead and the general siege on the Gaza Strip, to make such absurd comparisons is both futile and false, and has no place being uttered by a statesman who sees himself as a suitable mediator between Israel and the Palestinians.
4th Paragraph
In isolation, Erdogan's support of Bashir appears built on shaky foundations, and as such is a pretty heinous crime in itself, by virtue of attempting to gloss over some of the worst massacres committed in recent history. However, even more egregious are the racist undertones of his message: while it is entirely legitimate to upbraid Israel, as with any other state, for misdeeds carried out by the state's rulers, such censure ought never be turned into an all-out attack on one religion's values against another's.
“Erdogan says favors Bashir over Netanyahu”, August 2009
“Sudanese army: Rebel leader Ibrahim killed”, December 2011
1st , 2nd Paragraphs
A major Darfur rebel leader and some of his top commanders have been killed, a Sudanese army spokesman announced on state-run radio Sunday.
"Our armed forces were able to destroy the renegade Khalil Ibrahim, who died along with members of (his group's) leadership that was with him," said Alswarmi Khalid, the army's spokesperson.
5th Paragraph
Ibrahim was the leader of the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), considered the most powerful Darfur rebel group. The JEM had refused to join the Doha Darfur peace document, signed between the Sudanese government and another rebel group, the Liberation and Justice Movement, this year.
“Libya
1st , 2nd Paragraphs
Libya has told a Sudanese rebel leader staying on its territory he must do nothing to jeopardise peace talks in Sudan, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi says in an interview to be broadcast later on Monday.
Gaddafi has come under pressure from Sudan's government to expel Khalil Ibrahim, leader of the Darfur region's rebel Justice and Equality Movement, given refuge in Libya
10th, 11th, 12th Paragraphs
Sudan has called on Libya to expel Ibrahim, and it said last month it was closing its borders with Libya, citing a need to protect people from attacks by Darfur insurgents.
Ibrahim was given refuge in Libya after Chad, which had previously allowed the rebel movement to use its territory as a base, changed its policy and refused him entry as he returned from a trip to Libya
The dispute between Sudan and Libya Paris
“Operation Barkhane”
Operation Barkhane is an ongoing anti-insurgent operation in Africa's Sahel region, which commenced 1 August 2014.[7] It consists of a 3,000-strong French force, which will be permanent and headquartered in N’Djamena, the capital of Chad.[3] The operation has been designed with five countries, and former French colonies, that span the Sahel: Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania and Niger.[3] These countries are collectively referred to as the "G5 Sahel ."[8]
“Syria
1st , 2nd Paragraphs
At an emergency session of its 22 member states in Cairo to discuss the crisis, the league decided to exclude Syria until it implements the terms of an earlier agreed peace deal to stop the violence.
“The Arab League suspends Libya
“Qatar admits sending hundreds of troops to support Libya
1st , 2nd , 3rd Paragraphs
Qatar has admitted for the first time that it sent hundreds of troops to support the Libyan rebels who overthrew Muammar Gaddafi's regime.
The Gulf state had previously acknowledged only that its air force took part in Nato-led attacks.
The revelation came as Qatar hosted a conference on the post-Gaddafi era that was attended by the leader of Libya's ruling National Transitional Council, Mustafa Abdel-Jalil, who described the Qataris as having planned the battles that paved the way for victory.
“Libya ’s Gaddafi was top supporter of Darfur rebels”, March 2011
2nd , 3rd Paragraphs
West Darfur governor Al-Shertai Ga’far Abdel-Hakam who is also the TDRA head told a forum organized by the National Union of Sudanese youth that Gaddafi provided money and weaponry to rebels in the region as well as the East and the South.
He provided no details to back his claims. However, he is the first high ranking Sudanese official to go on the record with these allegations that his peers made privately for years
“Sudan
1st Paragraph
Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir says his country gave military support to the Libyan rebels who overthrew Col
“Iran
“Israeli officials head to France
1st , 2nd Paragraphs
Unable to find support from its US allies, Israel is turning to France to help head off what it sees as a bad and dangerous nuclear deal with Iran
In an interview with the Associated Press in Paris, the Israeli intelligence minister, Yuval Steinitz, said on Monday that dialogue with France over Iran’s nuclear program “has proven in the past that it was productive” and makes this week’s last-minute diplomatic mission to Paris worthwhile.
“French Minister Laurent Fabius Wary on Iran
“Mohammed Morsi grants himself sweeping new powers in wake of Gaza
“Turkey opposes any NATO operation in Libya
1st, 2nd , 3rd Paragraphs
NATO member Turkey on Monday said it opposed growing international calls to impose a no-fly zone over Libya
"Military intervention by NATO in Libya or any other country would be totally counter-productive," Turkish Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan, whose country is the only Muslim member of NATO, told an international forum in Istanbul
Erdogan spoke as France
5th, 6th, 7th Paragraphs
But Erdogan said foreign interventions, especially military ones, had in the past only deepened the problems.
"We need to give the Libyan people permission to chart their own course," he said.
10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th Paragraphs
Non-Arab Turkey , a rising diplomatic and economic power in the Middle East, had projects worth more than $15 billion in Libya
Analysts said business interests, along with Erdogan's apprehension over the implications of backing a Western-led intervention in the region three months before parliamentary elections in Turkey , could be behind Ankara
"Erdogan is unsure about the ultimate victor of the revolt in Libya and he might be hedging his bets," Fadi Hakura, an associate fellow at the London-based Chatham
Erdogan, who last year received a human rights award from Muammar Gaddafi, told Al Arabiya television in an interview broadcast on Monday he had told Gaddafi he should name a president with popular support as a way to end Libya
“Turkish PM to receive Gadhafi human rights award”, November 2010
1st, 2nd Paragraphs
Turkey’s prime minister is flying to Tripoli to attend an EU-African summit and receive a human rights award, given in the name of Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi.
Recep Tayyip Erdogan's government is planning to open several diplomatic missions acrossAfrica to boost relations with African nations while seeking to become a member of the European Union. Turkey already has friendly ties with Libya and Sudan
Recep Tayyip Erdogan's government is planning to open several diplomatic missions across
“Venezuela , Nicaragua and Cuba
1st Paragraph
“Obama blasts Cameron, Sarkozy for Libya
“Sarkozy Meets Gadhafi: France to Build Nuclear Reactor in Libya
“Gaddafi's Mercenaries in Libya
Whole Article
Libya's Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, aware that he cannot fully trust either his country's tribal leaders or his army -- which has, in recent, days suffered from massive defections – has been turning increasingly to hiring countless mercenaries from almost all of Africa to offset the lack of loyalty of his own countrymen to help him repress the popular revolt against his regime.
As long as Gaddafi remains in power, he will destabilize all of Africa , as he has in the past, by supporting crimes against humanity, wars and terrorism.
Further, if Gaddafi stays, even only in the West part of Libya , he will continue to stop any democratization in the region by terrorism and military means, and do anything in his power to undermine Libya 's neighbors – especially Egypt and Tunisia Libya Zimbabwe and in Chad
The mercenaries reportedly come from different countries of North- and Sub-Saharan Africa: Chad , Mauritania , Sudan , Somalia , Zimbabwe , Liberia
The International Federation of Human Rights numbers the mercenaries to be 6,000 whereas Human Rights Solidarity gives an estimate of 30,000[1]. According to the Qatari satellite channel, Al-Jazeera, Gaddafi's regime has brought approximately 50,000 mercenaries to Tripoli , and about 150,000 mercenaries throughout Libya
Libyan revolutionaries claim that the government of Chad is playing a vital role in providing "mercenaries" to Gaddafi through the overland route to the Libyan town of Sabha , just across the Chad
The Government of Chad Chad has never sent or authorized the recruitment of its nationals to fight in Libya Chad
Gaddafi has a long and complicated relation with its neighbor, Chad Libya invaded Chad Libya
At the time, the United States and France helped Chad in order to contain Libya Chad and Libya Chad France 's support to Chad
Habré's government, however, did not last long. He was opposed by the Zaghawa ethnic group. In November 1990, a rebel offensive against Habré was led by Idriss Deby, the Zaghawa former army commander, supported by Gaddafi.
Darfur, a region in western Sudan, is where war erupted in 2003, when the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) emerged to fight the government in a battle over power, resources and land allocation. Gaddafi was deeply involved in the Darfur crisis. Libya openly supported the Darfur rebel group, JEM, led by Khalil Ibrahim. Ibrahim was born in Darfur and belongs to the African tribe of Zaghawa, spread between Darfur and Chad Egypt , Libya and Chad
Gaddafi's support to the JEM, which is fighting the central government in Khartoum, can be explained through his controversial relations with Sudan US Khartoum
Gaddafi is paying a pivotal role in keeping alive the conflict in Darfur . Recently, Khalil Ibrahim has been residing in Tripoli since May 2010, after being barred entry to Chad , while the Chadian government was trying to pursue a rapprochement with Sudan
Qatari satellite channel, Al-Jazeera, mentions the presence of mercenaries from Burundi
There is no clear information on mercenaries from Cameroon
News items report the presence of mercenaries from Central Africa Republic Central African Republic , Chad , Niger , and Sudan 's Darfur region, which are all places "with known child soldiers."[6]
Gaddafi also intervened militarily in the CRA; he supported coups and violence there. Gaddafi was a supporter of former CRA President, Ange-Félix Patassé, accused of war crimes, and of Jean Pierre Bemba (former vice-president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo), who intervened with his militias in CRA following Patassé's request, and with Gaddafi's support. Bemba was arrested in Belgium
French news items suggest that Bemba's militia, the Movement for the Liberation of Congo, is among the mercenaries fighting with Gaddafi against the uprising[7].
The President of Congo Brazzaville Congo Tripoli
There is no clear information on mercenaries from Congo Brazzaville
DR Congo (Former Zaire
According to news items, Congolese mercenaries in Libya Congo VP Jean Pierre Bemba Bemba's militia, the Movement for the Liberation of Congo
Gabon, however, after voting in favour of the UN Security Council resolution on Libya, had an afterthought and called for the immediate ceasefire by the western coalition forces.
There is no clear information on mercenaries from Gabon
African Union (AU) Chairperson and Equatorial Guinea
Afrol news agency reports that following a phone call between Gaddafi and President Obiang -- who rose to power in Equatorial Guinea in 1979 -- the AU expressed support for the Libyan regime, praising its "readiness" for "political reforms." In a strong statement, the AU said it was firm in "its rejection of any form of foreign military intervention," including a no-fly zone[10].
However, the UN Security Council with the support of African member countries, South Africa , Nigeria and Gabon , approved of military action against the Libya Libya
In a statement, the government of Equatorial Guinea said that the phone calls between the two leaders were misinterpreted, and that President Obiang would not show unilateral support to any of the parties in Libya Equatorial Guinea had prepared a group of 120 policemen and gendarmes to send to fight in Libya Libya Libya
No reports of mercenaries heading to Libya
Rwandan President Paul Kagame, in power since the year 2000, backed the international coalition action in Libya
No reports of mercenaries heading to Libya
No reports of mercenaries heading to Libya
The Polisario
The Moroccan Press Agency reports members of the Polisario, Western Sahara Separatist Group, left Mali 's capital Bamako on board a Libyan aircraft heading to Algiers , intending to enter Libya
The Polisario is a politico-military organization fighting Morocco in order to take control of the former Western Sahara, currently under Morocco Algeria , in the town of Tindouf
According to sources, over two hundred well trained Polisario's fighters trained in the techniques of guerrilla warfare have been selected and armed with Kalashnikovs, grenades and rocket launchers, and sent on their way on board 4X4 at the end of last week, and headed for Libya. The mercenaries took the path leading to the Libyan border town of Atchane Al , where they had to be escorted by the Libyan military to Tripoli , passing by the city of Sabha
The Moroccan American Center for Policy, reported that Libya
The African Press Agency claimed that the Algerian government is supporting Gaddafi in recruiting mercenaries, especially from the Polisario, as Algeria is supporting this separatist group against Morocco Algeria
The Algerian government denied being involved in fighting the uprising against Gaddafi. The foreign ministry said in a statement, that these "false lies" which were reported by internet websites and TV satellite channels are "baseless," and Algeria
The Algerian paper Echorouk reports that after the Tunisian revolution, militias loyal to former Tunisian President Zine el Abedine Ben Ali escaped from Tunisia and found refuge in Libya
Mauritanians mercenaries are reported to be fighting for Gaddafi in Libya Washington DC , Mahmoud Chemam, stated that popular committees linked to Gaddafi in Mauritania are trying to recruit mercenaries to send to Libya Mauritania Libya Libya has intervened in Mauritania Mauritania
“France and Libya
1st, 2nd Paragraphs
The arms agreement is Libya
10th Paragraph
“Libya Seals Peace Deal for Chad
1st , 2nd , 3rd, 4th Paragraphs
Four Chadian rebel groups have sealed a peace agreement with the government, three weeks after negotiating the preliminary deal.
Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Gaddafi hosted the talks alongside the presidents of Chad and Sudan
The insurgent groups have waged an on-off rebellion against Chadian President Idriss Deby for years.
The fighting was linked to the conflict plaguing the neighbouring Sudanese region of Darfur .
“Chad
5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th Paragraphs
Gaddafi has a long and complicated history with the neighboring Chad Libya 's hegemonic ambitions brought the invasion of Chad , occupying and annexing the Aozou Strip, a region considered to be rich in uranium, some 44,00 square miles in the north of Chad bordering the whole 500-mile frontier with Libya Chad , under the leadership of President Hissène Habré, tried to take back the Aozou Strip from Libya Libya 's regional aspirations, the United States and France Libya
Ιn October 1988, Libya and Chad United States and France Chad and Libya Chad
Habré's government did not last long, however. In November 1990, a rebel offensive against the Chadian ruler was led by Idriss Déby, former army commander under Habré's regime belonging to the Zaghawa ethnic group, supported by Gaddafi. After three months of provisional government, Déby was declared president of Chad
Déby owes Gaddafi his rise to power, but not only that. On February 2008, in the capital N'Djamena, Chadian rebels tried to topple Déby's regime, but he managed to stop the revolt thanks to Gaddafi's support. The Libyan opposition is now accusing the Chadian president of sending soldiers in order to pay back the debt he owes Gaddafi.
In February 2011, Libyan revolutionaries accused the Chadian government of having played a vital role in providing "mercenaries" to Gaddafi to prevent his fall, through the overland route to Libyan town of Sabha , just across Chad
“Why France Was So Keen to Attack Libya
1st , 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th Paragraphs
Even before allied forces unleashed a "shock and awe" barrage of cruise missile attacks against Libya on March 19, French President Nicolas Sarkozy was quick to take the credit, saying France had "decided to assume its role, its role before history" in stopping strongman Muammar Gaddafi's "killing spree" against people whose only crime was to seek to "liberate themselves from servitude."
Sarkozy's newfound concern for Libyan democracy contrasts sharply from only three years ago, when Sarkozy welcomed Gaddafi with open arms during an extravagant five-day state visit to France
At the time, Sarkozy ridiculed critics of Gaddafi's visit by saying: "It is rather beautiful the principle that consists in not getting yourself wet, not taking risks, being so certain of everything you think while you're having your latte on the Boulevard Saint-Germain." He also asked: "If we don't welcome countries that are starting to take the path of respectability, what can we say to those that leave that path?" Meanwhile, Sarkozy's chief diplomatic advisor, Jean-David Levitte, insisted that Libya
Nor did Sarkozy express much support for the recent uprisings in the Arab world, which deposed long-time friends of Paris, including Tunisian President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali and Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.
In the case of Tunisia, Sarkozy reluctantly fired his loyal foreign minister, Michèle Alliot-Marie, after it emerged that she borrowed a private jet from a Tunisian businessman linked to Ben Ali in order to work on her suntan in the Tunisian seaside town of Tabarka during the height of the political upheaval in Tunisia. According to the French newspaper Le Canard Enchaîné, Alliot-Marie also offered Ben Ali the "know how" of France 's security forces to help him quash the fighting in Tunisia
In Egypt , it emerged that French Prime Minister François Fillon and his family had accepted a free holiday from Mubarak, complete with a private plane and Nile River France cozies up to dictators, Sarkozy said that in the future, his government ministers should take their holidays in France
So what explains Sarkozy's about-face vis-à-vis Libya
Sarkozy's sudden zeal for the cause of democracy in Libya
“Libya
2nd , 3rd Paragraphs
In the long term, Washington , London and Paris might worry about the decision of Brazil , India and Germany Iraq Brazil and India – two rapidly growing powers widely backed for permanent seats in a reformed security council – showed that their geopolitical instincts lie with Russia and China
7th , 8th Paragraphs
The United Arab Emirates and Qatar Both Gulf states Iran Qatar was furious over Tripoli
“Al Jazeera staffer killed in Libya
1st, 2nd Paragraphs
An Al Jazeera cameraman has been killed in what appears to have been an ambush near the rebel-held city of Benghazi in eastern Libya
Ali Hassan Al Jaber was returning to Benghazi
6th, 7th Paragraphs
Wadah Khanfar, the director-general of Al Jazeera, said the network "will not remain silent" and will pursue those behind the ambush through legal channels.
He said that the killing came after "an unprecedented campaign" against the network by Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi.
“G8 summit: Gaddafi isolated as Russia
1st Paragraph
Colonel Gaddafi has beenleft diplomatically deserted after Russia
“ENIleads Libya oil race; Russia , China
1st, 2nd Paragraphs
“Italian oil company Eni led the charge back into Libya on Monday as rebels hailing the end of Muammar Gaddafi's rule warned Russian and Chinese firms that they may lose out on lucrative oil contracts for failing to support the rebellion”.
Gaddafi's fall will reopen the doors to Africa's largest oil reserves and give new players such as Qatar's national oil company and trading house Vitol the chance to compete with established European and U.S. oil majors.
"We don't have a problem with Western countries like the Italians, French and UK
16th, 17th, 18th Paragraphs
About 75 Chinese companies operated in Libya
Russian companies, including oil firms Gazprom Neft (SIBN.MM) and Tatneft TATN3.MM, also had projects worth billions of dollars in Libya
"We have lost Libya completely," Aram
21st Paragraph
Wintershall said restarting production could be done within several weeks: "This of course depends on the state of the export infrastructure as well as a stable security situation in the country," it said. Analysts and industry observers have said Eni and Total could emerge as the big winners in post-war Libya
“Italy 's Berlusconi exposes NATO rifts over Libya
1st Paragraph
Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi said on Thursday he was against NATO intervention in Libya
16th Paragraph
Potentially adding to the pressure on Italy to review its stance on Libya
“France , U.K. Libya
2nd, 3rd, 4th Paragraphs
6th Paragraph
The domestic political story is fairly straightforward. At the onset of the unrest in the Middle East, Paris
10th Paragraph
The intervention in Libya therefore is a way to reassert to Europe, but particularly to Germany , that France Europe intends to be taken seriously as a global power, it will need French military power. France’s close coordination with the United Kingdom also is an attempt to further develop the military alliance between London and Paris formalized on Nov. 2, 2010, as a counter to Germany’s overwhelming economic and political power in the European Union.
12th Paragraph
As for interests in Libya , France Libya Libya ’s plentiful and largely unexplored energy reserves, French energy companies could stand to profit from helping rebels take power in Tripoli Paris Libya — and 2011, Tripoli has purchased approximately half a billion dollars worth of arms from France , more than from any other country in Europe . However, the Italian government was in negotiation for more than a billion dollars worth of more deals in 2010, and it seemed that the Rome-Tripoli relationship was overtaking Paris’ efforts in Libya prior to the intervention.
16th Paragraph
London has another significant interest, namely, energy. British energy major BP has no production in Libya, although it agreed with Tripoli Tripoli Libya and smooth relations between London and Tripoli
“Why the Libyans Have Fallen Out of Love with Qatar
1st , 2nd, 3rd, 4th Paragraphs
When Libya 's cashed-strapped rebels needed financial support to bankroll their revolution last spring, they did not look to Western powers such as the U.S. and England Qatar Persian Gulf emirate provided the struggling rebels everything from weapons to heating oil. During the eight-month revolution, Libyans in rebel-held areas praised Qatar
6th Paragraph
But with Gaddafi dead and his regime a distant memory, many Libyans are now complaining that Qatari aid has come at a price. They say Qatar Egypt and Tunisia
“Gaddafi demands £4 billion from EU or Europe will turn 'black'”, November 2010
“Libya , Chad and Sudan
“The Dynamics of Conflict in the Tri-Borer Region of Sudan , Chad
“The Sudanese Role in Libya 2011”, December 2012
“Iran invites Libyan NTC head to Tehran
“The Algerian Connection”, August 2011
“Iran Invites Libya Rebel Chief to Tehran
“France and Italy share strong ties with Libya
“Darfur rebel leader Khalil Ibrahim flees Libya
1st , 2nd , 3rd, 4th Paragraphs
The leader of Darfur's main Justice and Equality Movement (Jem) rebel group, Khalil Ibrahim, has returned from exile in Libya
Mr Ibrahim fled Libya after Col
Mr Ibrahim said he had evaded attempts by Sudanese intelligence to capture him in Libya, reports say.
10th, 11th, 12th, 13th Paragraphs
Jem - the biggest rebel group in Darfur - signed a ceasefire with the Sudanese government in February 2010 but abandoned peace talks soon after, accusing Khartoum 's forces of launching new raids in Darfur .
Col Gaddafi's fall in Tripoli is a blow to the rebels as he gave them sanctuary and financial and military aid, analysts say.
Mr Ibrahim was exiled in Libya since May 2010 after Chad
Sudan had repeatedly asked Col Gaddafi's government to expel Mr Khalil, but it refused.
“Sudan
“South Sudan : Independence
Between 9 and 15 January 2011, a referendum was held to determine whether South Sudan should become an independent country and separate from Sudan Sudan or South Sudan .[35] The South Kordofan conflict broke out in June 2011 between the Army of Sudanand the SPLA over the Nuba Mountains.
“Arab uprising: Country by country – Libya
Anti-government demonstrations then erupted in other towns before eventually reaching Tripoli
“Iran Invites Libya
"Iran
8th, 9th Paragraphs
As for Libya , Iran Iran in the 1980–1988 war with Iraq Libya Iran 's policy has been supportive of the popular uprising in Libya
Yet an important challenge for Iran here is the intervention of North Atlantic Treaty Organization and other Western forces in the Libyan crisis. Iranian leaders feel that the West's policy of connecting the security of the region to the security of the world and thereby justifying any preemptive attack aimed at preserving Western democratic values such as fostering democracy or fighting terrorism, etc., would continue to lead to a broad interpretation of using force in the region—with a subsequent increased foreign military presence which can be a source of extremism and instability as witnessed in the cases of Afghanistan and Iraq.
“BP returns to Libya
1st , 2nd, 3rd Paragraphs
Oil giant BP is to confirm its return to Libya
A spokesman for prime minister Tony Blair, who is on a five-day visit to Africa , spoke of BP's return at a briefing today.
BP has not operated in Libya since 1974, when the oil industry was nationalised.
“Oil companies fear nationalisation in Libya
1st , 2nd Paragraphs
Western oil companies operating in Libya
Executives, speaking on condition of anonymity because of the rapidly moving situation, believe their companies could be targeted, especially if their home countries are taking part in air strikes against Mr Gaddafi. Allied forces from France , the UK and the US on Saturday unleashed a series of strikesagainst military targets in Libya
4th Paragraph
Most of the world’s large international oil companies have producing assets in Libya, including Spain’s Repsol, France’s Total, and Italy’s Eni, which is the largest single investor there. Germany ’s Winstershall – a unit of BASF – and OMV of Austria
“Iran
1st, 2nd Paragraphs
“This has been the doomed fate of all oppressors and tyrants throughout history because they ignore peoples’ rights when they rule their countries in the manner that they do,” Foreign Ministry Spokesman Ramin Mehmanparast was quoted as saying.
“Turkey
1st , 2nd Paragraphs
Mr Erdogan said the Libyan leader had ignored the wishes of his people by using force against them.
5th, 6th, 7th, 8th Paragraphs
President Bashir said the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), a Darfuri rebel group, had attacked Khartoum
He said God had given Sudan
"Our God, high and exalted, from above the seven skies, gave us the opportunity to reciprocate the visit," he said.
"The forces which entered Tripoli
“Turkey 's Secret Proxy War in Libya
1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th Paragraphs
These accusations are not new. In January, the speaker of Libya ’s Parliamentclaimed, “Turkey still supports the terrorist militias in Libya Libya , a faction loyal to al-Qaeda that has carried out acts of political violence against the recognized Libyan government, is partially funded by “businessmen linked by trade ties to Turkey
The Libyan Civil War, which began after Qaddaffi’s fall, is often describedas a proxy war, with Egypt and the United Arab Emirates reportedly backing al-Thinni and the officially recognized government in Tobruk, and Qatar and Turkey Tripoli Turkey
While hard evidence is still elusive, specific reports of Turkey ’s growing role in the conflict began in January 2013, when Turkey ’s Hurriyet newspaper reported that Greek authorities found Turkish weapons aboard a ship that was headed for Libya after the vessel stopped in Greece
7th Paragraph
Another purported weapons route for Turkish weapons may lie to Libya Turkey and Qatar were supplying Operation Dawn with weaponry through Sudan , which has long been a transit point for Iranian weaponry to extremist groups across the Middle East . Interestingly, when the government banned Turkish planes from Libyan airspace in January, it also announced that Sudanese planes were no longer permitted.
“Why Gaddafi's Now a Good Guy”, May 2006
2nd Paragraph
At the time, it may have sounded like the typical ramblings of the Libyan leader. But now, a year later, Gaddafi and Bush do apparently see eye to eye. On Monday, Gaddafi accomplished one of history's great diplomatic turnarounds when Secretary of State Condeleezza Rice announced that the U.S. was restoring full diplomatic relations with Libya U.S. 's long break in diplomatic relations to Gaddafi's historic decision in 2003 to dismantle weapons of mass destruction and renounce terrorism as well as Libya
“How Hugo Chavez botched the Arab Spring”, November 2012
6th , 7th Paragraphs
Indeed, before popular revolution broke out, Hugo Chavez of Venezuela Egypt to Libya and then onward into Syria South America .
The reasons for Chavez's missteps aren't too difficult to fathom. As I wrote in an earlier Al Jazeera column, the Venezuelan leader fashions his foreign policy in accordance with the notion of counteracting the "US Syria
“Libyan-Sudanese Relations”
“The 38-year connection between Irish republicans and Gaddafi”, February 2011
“Libya 's lessons for Iran
5th, 6th Paragraph
During the 1970s, he approached China , India , and Pakistan India and Pakistan lay outside the nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT) – and thus were not subject to its prohibition on disseminating arsenals – they, along with China
Gaddafi exploited a network of opportunity. French-controlled mines in Niger Soviet Union followed with a research reactor from which Libyan scientists extracted small amounts of plutonium.
14th Paragraph
Faced with the re-imposition of harsher measures, and with the pragmatists continuing their push to steer the country in a new direction, Gaddafi relented, trading the nuclear programme for political normalisation. On 31 May 2006, the US reopened its embassy in Tripoli
“Sudan , Uganda
“Timeline : Al Qaeda”, September 2006
5th Paragraph
May, 1996
|
|
Bin Laden leaves
In the mid1990s |
|
“Revealed: Colonel Gaddafi’s school for scoundrels”, March 2011
“The Sudanese Role in Libya 2011”, December 2012
“Sudan 's Bashir in Qatar
“The Sudan-Chad Proxy War”, February 2012
“Ahmadinejad Visits Egypt
“Revealed: Colonel Gaddafi’s school for scoundrels”, March 2011
“Iran
“Saudis Detail Alleged Libyan Murder Plot”, April 2016
“Saddam's Terror Links”, March 2008
“The Rebellion of the Tuareg Desert
“The Rise and Fall of Al-Qaeda: Debunking the Terrorism Narrative”, March 2012
7th Paragraph
The material links and connections between local branches and Al-Qaeda Central are tenuous at best: far from being an institutionally coherent social movement, Al-Qaeda is a loose collection of small groups and factions that tend to be guided by charismatic individuals and are more local than transnational in outlook. Most victims are therefore Muslim civilians. Further, these branches tend to be as much a liability for the long term strategic interests of Al-Qaeda Central as they are assets. Abu Musab Zarqawi, the emir of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, proved to be Al-Qaeda Central’s worst enemy. He refused to take orders from bin Laden or Zawahiri and, in fact, acted against their wishes, according to his own desires. Like Zarqawi, local groups or franchises — like Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) or Al-Qaeda of the Islamic Maghreb — which the terrorism narrative often paints as being closely aligned and commanded by Al-Qaeda Central in fact have proven repeatedly that they run by their own local and contextualized agendas, not those set among the inner sanctum of Al-Qaeda Central.
“Al-Qaeda returns to Afghanistan
Al-Qaeda is back in Afghanistan, joining Isis and the Taliban in waging jihad. The three most prominent Islamist terrorist groups in the world are now in one violent arena and drawing the West back into a bloody conflict it had sought to leave behind.
“Quitting ISIS -Why Syrians are Abandoning the Group”, May 2016
“Opération Épervier”
“The American General Wesley Clark and NATO Intervention in Libya
“The War for the Oil of Libya
“France
“Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
1st , 2nd Paragraphs
The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan[12] (Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي امارات, Da Afghanistan Islami Amarat) was a state established in 1996 when the Taliban began their rule of Afghanistan and ended with their fall from power in 2001. The Taliban established control over approximately 90% of the country, the northeast was held by the Northern Alliance.[13]
It was established in 1996 after the Taliban conquered much of Afghanistan with "their extremist interpretation of Islam."[14] Their leader was Mohammed Omar, who became Amir al-Mu'minin (Leader of the Faithful) at Kandaharin 1996.[6][7][8]
13th, 14th, 15th, 16th Paragraphs
Only Pakistan , Saudi Arabia , and the United Arab Emirates
Relations between the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and Iran Iran threatened to invade Afghanistan by massing up military forces near the Afghan border but intervention by the United Nations Security Council and the United States prevented the war.
One reason for lack of international recognition was the Taliban's disregard for human rights and the rule of law as demonstrated by their actions on taking power. One of the first acts of the Taliban upon seizing power was the execution of the former Communist President of Afghanistan, Mohammad Najibullah. Before the Taliban had even taken control of Afghanistan Kabul Afghanistan
In 2013, the Taliban opened an office in Qatar[33] with the goal of beginning talks between themselves, the United States and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
“Saudi Arabia 's Yemen
3rd , 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th Paragraphs
Yet in Yemen , Saudi Arabia has gone from supporting the rule of Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh to essentially strong-arming him into coming to Riyadh Saudi Arabia 's eyes, Saleh's hold on power became increasingly weak and untenable after months of protests, and Riyadh
In Yemen , political actors are more numerous, autonomous, fractious, and militarized than they are in other countries on the Arabian Peninsula . Yemen cannot be stabilized by the sorts of tactics that Riyadh has used elsewhere: a small show of force, the backing of one faction over another, the raising of the specters of sectarianism and Iran's nefarious hand, or simply throwing money at the problem. Bringing order to Yemen will require Saudi Arabia
For decades, Saudi Arabia 's policy toward Yemen was set by Crown Prince Sultan, the head of the Saudi "special committee," an administrative organization that managed the Kingdom's relationship with Yemen 's political and tribal actors, including the disbursement of regular monetary payments to Yemen Arabian Peninsula . Prince Nayef has his favorite Yemeni players, including a number of Salafis and Islamists, as well as General Ali Muhsin, a relative of Saleh's and a contender to replace him in power.
Δεν υπάρχουν σχόλια:
Δημοσίευση σχολίου